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free school movement
The free school movement, also known as the new schools or alternative schools movement, was an American education reform movement during the 1960s and early 1970s that sought to change the aims of formal schooling through alternative, independent community schools.
== Origins and influences ==
As disenchantment with social institutions spread with 1960s counterculture, alternative schools sprouted outside the local public school system funded by tuition and philanthropic grants.〔 They were created by parents, teachers, and students in opposition to current practices across the United States and organized without central organization, usually small and grassroots with alternative curricula.〔 Their philosophy is commonly attributed to the counterculture, A. S. Neill and Summerhill, child-centered progressive education of the Progressive Era, the Modern Schools, and Freedom Schools.〔 Influential voices within the movement included Paul Goodman, Edgar Z. Friedenberg, Herb Kohl, Jonathan Kozol, and James Herndon, with titles such as A. S. Neill's 1960 ''Summerhill'', George Dennison's 1969 ''The Lives of Children'', and Jonathan Kozol's 1972 ''Free Schools''.〔 The movement's transference of ideas was tracked through the ''New Schools Exchange'' and American Summerhill Society.〔
The definition and scope of schools self-classified as "free schools" and their associated movement were never clearly delineated, and as such, there was a wide variation between schools. The movement did not cohere around a single ideology, but its "free schools" tended to fall into the binaries of either utopian cultural withdrawal from external concerns, or direct political address of social injustices.〔 Some schools practiced participatory democracies for self-governance.〔 The "free schools" movement was also known as the "new schools" or "alternative schools movement". Author Ron Miller defined the free school movement's principles as letting families choose for their children, and letting children learn at their own pace.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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